Forensic Psych Free Essays

Criminological Psychology includes the logical investigation of mental capacities and practices of the human body. It tends to be looked as being separated into two classifications, essential brain research and applied brain research. Essential brain research is the utilization of speculations and basics to clarify how mentalities, characters, qualities, and practices are connected while applied brain science is the utilization of these mental standards and hypotheses to defeat issues, in actuality, circumstances. We will compose a custom article test on Legal Psych or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now A portion of the fundamental brain research examines incorporate anomalous, subjective, formative, and social brain research. Applied brain research applies these examinations in things like clinical, measurable, wellbeing, and instructive brain science. I decided to investigate the investigation of an applied sort of psych, legal brain research. Scientific brain research is the utilization of the science and calling of brain research to questions issues identifying with law and the legitimate framework. The word ‘forensic’ originates from the Latin word ‘forensis,’ meaning ‘of the forum,’ where the law courts of old Rome were held. Not exclusively does criminological brain research require comprehension of the distinctive mental investigations yet in addition a comprehension of the law and how it functions. Taking a gander at legitimate issues from a mental stance consolidates brain research and the law. This type of brain research is utilized every now and again in the legitimate framework. Legitimate frameworks utilize legal clinicians and their training in assessments of the psychological status of respondents previously, during and after preliminary procedures. Most may think criminological brain research is just utilized in criminal issues however legal therapist may likewise aid a wide assortment of common issues. Common issues can incorporate claims or protection claims where passionate torment is a piece of the case. Assurance of competency of a matured or sick individual to decide, or whether a demise was a mishap or a â€Å"disguised suicide† in a protection guarantee case are the two instances of how criminological brain research can help certain lawful cases. The possibility of measurable brain research initially came to fruition in the late 1800’s. In any case, it wasn’t until the 1900’s when a German therapist by the name of Hugo Munsterberg guaranteed that brain science ought to be applied to the law. Despite the fact that this is several hundred years from today, it wasn’t until 2001 that the American Psychological Association perceived legal brain science as a specialization under the investigation of brain science. In 1906, a barrier lawyer requested that Hugo survey his sentenced client’s examination and preliminary records. This advanced his 1908 book â€Å"On the Witness Stand†. It itemized how mental elements can impact the result of a preliminary. In the book, he talked about issues with observer declaration, bogus admissions, and cross examinations. Munsterberg brings up that for different reasons why onlooker declaration is basically untrustworthy, he depicts how observer declaration is normally vulnerable to what he calls â€Å"illusions† where a subjects discernments could be influenced causing an incorrect declaration. In the segment of the book that he calls â€Å"The Detection of Crime†, he talks about the numerous elements that can impact declarations, gain admissions, and power admissions from the individuals who are honest. He clarifies a portion of the manners in which that police have of causing suspects to admit to violations that they had not submitted, a portion of these including making their life as awkward as could be expected under the circumstances while in holding to have the option to separate their vitality, and â€Å"worst of all giving severe stuns given with wicked brutality to the panicked creative mind of the suspect. Afterward, in 1917 one of Munsterberg’s understudies, William Marston, found that systolic pulse and lying were legitimately related. This revelation helped lead the production of the cutting edge polygraph locator Forensic brain science was generally stale until the 1940s and 1950s, when clinicians started consistently affirming in courts as spec ialists on a scope of mental points. They got ready to direct assessments to assist the court with mental statuses, the rational soundness of respondents, and legitimate skill. One of the main employments of measurable brain science in the court was in the milestone case Brown v. Leading group of Education (1954) that finished lawful isolation in government funded schools. Therapists indicated that isolation negatively affected the confidence of little youngsters and the court accepted this was a convincing contention. This demonstrated analysts were an incredibly helpful type of declaration for both the offended parties and respondents. Another case of the significance of measurable therapists came around in 1962 when analysts filling in as dysfunctional behavior experts were emphatically bolstered by the court for the situation Jenkins v. US. Here the court managed in help to clinicians being utilized as master observers when dysfunctional behaviors are concerned. Following this model numerous different courts, both government and nearby, started to acknowledge the utilization of therapists and mental evaluations all the more eagerly. Mental evaluation alludes to logical strategies utilized by clinicians to comprehend and clarifying an individual’s, couple’s or family’s mental working. Mental evaluations help to characterize and get character, conduct, emoti ons, knowledge, and how they meet up. Such evaluations help to respond to analytic inquiries, to determine a person’s qualities, shortcomings and character structure, and to disclose and to foresee conduct. Evaluations that are utilized in the measurable setting are a main movement for those whom are included. Measurable mental appraisals are an inside and out procedure using broad talking, and normalized mental tests, which produce dependable, substantial and reproducible outcomes. To be comprehensive, an appraisal needs to inspect a scope of mental components, for example, psychological and character working, formative history, and relational connections. These components can be additionally separated into passionate, subjective, scholarly, formative, official, instructive, social, neuropsychological, and physiological working. Data got from normalized mental appraisal has a regulating, measurable logical premise, as it thinks about the person against information gathered in tests of typical and clinically disarranged people. It permits the evaluator to decide how comparative or disparate this individual is to individuals in these examples. While people may endeavor to â€Å"look good† or â€Å"look bad† in interviews, contingent upon the current case, most test instruments contain different legitimacy scales on which to assess the degree to which the individual is giving legitimate, authentic, cautious, socially attractive, or overstated delineations of their mental wellbeing or side effects. A general point of legal mental evaluation is to give the premise to closing both past and dynamic factors that can assist with clarifying explicit activities, and to make suggestions appropriate to the lawful issues within reach. The court designates a therapist to decide a scope of things including mental state, reduced limit, and competency. With regards to mental express, an assurance is made concerning whether there is significant proof that the patient endures a psychological issue. Feelings are not viewed as a psychological issue. The therapist needs to think about mental impacts at the location of the supposed wrongdoing. Contingent upon the result of the assessment, the clinician may affirm in court how the debilitated mental capacities â€Å"actually caused a mutation of the psychological component of the wrongdoing. The analyst doesn't need to be sure that the defendant’s issue made the person in question be not able to frame the expectation or information or the wrongdoing, yet the master must have some confidence in the â€Å"probability or possibility† that it did. Specialists need to affirm with sensible clinical or mental assurance. Three principle territories of guard identified with psychological wellness incorporate decreased limit, competency, or moderating (defending) conditions. A lessened limit evaluation centers around whether an individual had the option to appreciate the supposed wrongdoing being submitted. The clinician surveyed whether the person, as he would see it his/her supposition, was composed, intentional, and objective arranged. The fundamental inquiry is, regardless of whether the defendant’s conduct was influenced by a psychological issue of state of mind or thought, by liquor as well as medication inebriation or a powerful motivation initiated by a psychological ailment influencing the individual so the individual can't avoid the drive to submit the demonstration that the person in question has been accused of. A competency assessment surveys whether an individual has the psychological office or capacity to comprehend the legitimate procedures against them. Additionally, the assessment centers around deciding if they can help their lawyer in their own safeguard. Relieving conditions are here and there considered with respect to the defendant’s ability to â€Å"appreciate the illegitimacy of their direct or to adjust his lead to the necessities of the law. † Whether an individual is accused of a crime or a lawful offense, their psychological state or dysfunctional behavior is an issue to consider before conviction or before condemning. The lawyer speaking to the charged individual may demand a mental assessment or once in a while an assessment is court requested. Mental master observer declaration may likewise be utilized in an individual physical issue situation when the offended party puts forth a defense that they endured undueâ mental or emotionalâ pain and languishing. In family law cases, the gatherings might be assessed mind

Risk Perception and Analysis Societal Attitudes

Question: Examine about the Risk Perception and Analysis for Societal Attitudes. Answer: Cultural Attitudes Towards Risk Investigations of hazard discernment help in looking at the different sorts of decisions that individuals for the most part makes when they are requested describing just as assessing the diverse perilous exercises and advances. It is dissected that the paper by Paul Sovaic helps both policymaking just as hazard examination by giving a reason for foreseeing just as understanding open reactions to different sorts of dangers. This paper likewise gives strategies to improving the vehicle of correspondence about dangers to different individuals, specialized specialists just as chiefs. This aides in expecting that the individuals who control just as advance both sound just as wellbeing needs should comprehend the way that is utilized by individuals for intuition just as reacting to the dangers. It is broke down that without such seeing, all around expected arrangements are viewed as inadequate It is distinguished that it is very imperative to have the capacity of detecting too keeping away from different unsafe natural conditions for the endurance of all living being. People have some extra ability that permits them to make some change in nature so as to react fittingly. Physiological research on different impression of hazard can be made with the assistance of observational examinations on likelihood evaluation, dynamic technique just as utility appraisal. It is examined that some particular improvement in the region is considered as the advancement of different kinds of mental systems, which are commonly utilized by individuals for seeming well and good into a questionable world. Besides, the guidelines are commonly reliant on the circumstance. In some cases the principles are viewed as substantial while in certain conditions they make huge just as tireless inclinations. Further research helps in showing that different contradictions on dangers must not be anticipated that they would be useful in vanishing the nearness of proof. Solid perspectives are viewed as especially testing towards the various sorts of progress as they helps in impacting the way of data or information for understanding. In the event that it is steady with the convictions of one, at that point new confirmations are viewed as dependable just as useful. It is broke down that individuals that need appropriate feelings then inverse circumstance may exists which are considered as the because of the difficult that emerges because of plan. Showing proper data with respect to different dangers in different manner helps in modifying the viewpoints just as activities of individuals. The considered system for examining different saw dangers helps in creating scientific categorization for different perils, which can use for understanding just as foreseeing reactions of different dangers. An ordered plan can be useful enough to outline outrageous abhorrence of individuals towards different sorts of dangers, errors between different responses just as different perspectives on specialists. The most fitting just as straightforward methodology of this objective is commonly connected with the assistance of psychometric worldview that for the most part uses physical scaling, just as multivariate strategy of examination for delivering quantitative agents or different kinds of psychological maps for dissecting different hazard mentalities just as observations. The impulse for different worldview that are connected with psychometric, by and large came because of the exertion of spearheading for building up a strategy that helps in weighing different innovative dangers against different advantages that helps in responding to the principal questions. The uncovered inclination strategy for Sovaic paul helps in accepting that by using preliminary just as mistake technique, the general public has accomplished a base harmony between various kinds of dangers just as advantages which are connected with a particular action. In this manner, have the option to use both verifiable just as current dangers, which help in profiting information for uncovering different example of hazard advantage exchange offs that are adequate. It is broke down that different attributes of subjective dangers are commonly corresponded with wide scope of risks. Legitimate examination on different relations with the assistance of appropriate factor investigation helps in mirroring that the field of different qualities helps in consolidating a little arrangement of elements just as attributes. The variables, which are introduced helps in reproducing across different gatherings of individuals, just as specialists that by and large appointed authority enormous just as assorted risks. The factor 1 is considered as a fear hazard, which is considered at its taking off end by seeing the nonappearance of cataclysmic concerns, fears, deadly results just as unjust circulation of different advantages, just as dangers. The factor 2, which is leveled as obscure dangers, is considered at its taking off end by different perils, which are imperceptible just as deferred by the sign of mischief. The score of synthetic advances is viewed as high o this factor. It is distinguished that dangers examination helps in displaying the effect of different awful occasion in setting to guide damages to casualties including wounds, passings just as harms. It is investigated that the effect of such occasions helps in reaching out past the immediate damages that for the most part contains different significant backhanded expenses to the dependable private association or government office that helps in surpassing the immediate costs. Psychometric examinations are applied to different decisions of various risk situations inside a particular innovative area. The paper delineates the hazard that is related with the 49 peril situations that fluctuates in setting with different kinds of transportation, nature just as reasons of mishap the outcomes helps in mirroring that the different risks that are connected with railroad can be exceptionally separated. An examination by Paul helps in inspecting different impression of sign an incentive just as dangers. Examination because of multivariate of these imperfections is appraised in setting to various qualities of dangers, which are created, with the assistance of two-factor space. Outcomes from various examinations that are connected with impression of dangers is used for clarifying s well as anticipating different restriction just as acknowledgment for various explicit innovations. It is examined that atomic force is considered as one of the regular subject of various investigation because of the distinctive kind of sensational resistance, which is jeopardized in face of different specialists that gives wellbeing confirmations. Research mirrors that people helps in passing judgment on the benefit from atomic force which is a lot of little and the dangers is viewed as unsatisfactorily incredible. Dangers that are connected with atomic force for the most part possesses extraordinary situations in different psychometric spaces of elements that helps in introducing the perspectives on individuals which are connected with different dangers including fear, obscure, wild just as calamitous that may influence the people in the future. It is investigated that different results just as worries of the individuals and their restriction to different dangerous innovations helps in improving the endeavor that helps in advising just as instructing individuals about different kinds of dangers. Individual and Societal Responses to Risks The calamity that is chosen is Cyclone Debbie prone to cost Queensland spending plan $1.5 billion. Because of the catastrophe, the up and coming spending plan of Queensland is relied upon to take around $1.5 million hit due to the twister Debbie. It is broke down by treasure Curtis Pitt that notwithstanding of the harm that is endured by both the private just as open foundation, the anticipated harm is around $2 million. As per Mr. Pitt, the loses in the coal trade is around $1.5 million, in the travel industry $120 million and $270 million harm to different sorts of harvests just as harm to both private just as open property has put the whole fix bill to around $2 million.. The misfortunes in the general population for the most part seek after because of the harm of open foundation just as property close by different remuneration payouts to various mortgage holders just as makers, which is evaluated to be around $1.5 billion. The state will be useful in retaining that in the June sp ending plan, the administration needs to be repaid with the assistance of Federal governments cataclysmic event just as recuperation game plans. It is expressed by Mr.Pitt that the spending plan or money related misfortune that is anticipated to be around $500 million. There are number of dangers that for the most part happen because of the violent wind. It is distinguished that typhoons are connected with particularly high weight just as solid breezes because of which unusual ascent in water level happens. The seawater for the most part immerses different zones that are available in the seaside districts by suffocating domesticated animals, people, disintegrating different sea shores just as dikes. Then again, it is expressed by the casualties that the breezes that are related with the typhoon chiefly helps with harming different kinds of residences, establishments, correspondence framework just as it likewise causes misfortune in both life and property. Mr. Pitt expressed that substantial just as delayed downpour alongside the violent wind for the most part happens floods in the waterways and thusly different low-lying regi ons gets lowered in the water which further helps with hampering the property just as lives of individuals. The individuals or casualties recommended that the spending will be evaluated with the assistance of tornado Dibble sway on different determining financial development that came about monetary misfortune, which is around $2 million. The different impression of individuals that by and large offered ascend to different sad outcomes incorporate intentionality just as impartiality. Intentionality is characterized as a lawful just as philosophical idea that for the most part alludes to a decision, which is commonly made on the desire of an individual, and it is restricted

Believe in your magic

Believe in your magic I can see the end of my first reading season from here, and it has been a humbling experience. I am full of gratitude to you, our class of 2018 applicants, for sharing your experiences with us. I have shared your FUN jokes and written them on my whiteboard, I have learned facts and lessons from you, I have cried for you. I had a really horrible physics teacher in high school, and your passion for physics has nudged and encouraged me to try again. I have been delighted by your nerdiness and amazed by your accomplishments, whether academic, athletic, or at home. Unfortunately, even with all that you have taught me, I know that I cannot see you all here next fall. I know that some of you will be disappointed and a dream will have been dashed. In one of the moments that I was thinking about this, this quote from Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince came to mind: “At the end of his wits, his mind reeling from all of the bad news doled out to him by both Fudge and Scrimgeour, the Prime Minister cries, but for heavens sake â€" youre wizards! You can do magic! Surely you can sort out â€" well â€" anything! (1.131). The trouble is, the other side can do magic too, Prime Minister, replies Scrimgeour (1.132). Many people view MIT as a magical place and compare it to Hogwarts. They view the accepted as having magic, or more, than those who are not accepted. People around you may think and even say, “Don’t those admissions staff wizards know anything? Don’t they know you belong there?” The troubling thing is they may be right. You get this place. You feel academically and culturally connected to the ‘tute. From the long days in committee that I’ve now experienced, I can confirm that we wish we had so much more space than we do in the freshman class for you. I am troubled that if you are disappointed on Friday, that you will begin to see yourself as one without magic. I know that is a lie from Lord Voldemort. The main comparison that I am making is this: accepted or not, you all have the ability to perform magic and you will take that ability with you wherever you go. Thank you again for trusting us with so much of who you are, and I wish you all the best always.

Eveline by James Joyce Essay - 1589 Words

What is happiness? Does it have anything to do with freedom? Everyone would like to live, think, and act freely. Whenever we make our own decisions, we learn and experience something new whether it is good or bad, we are still happy with it because it is our free choice. We all learn about life by living it. If we are too afraid to take a step we cannot go anywhere. Every other decision is another risk, and every other risk makes our heart beat faster which makes life more desirable. We always need to look forward in life because we cannot go back in time, and change things that are already happened. Our past plays a big role in our future, but we should not get stuck in our memories if they keep us away from moving on. In â€Å"Eveline†, James†¦show more content†¦What if she wanted to break the promise, and move on with her life? She was too young to be responsible for everything, but she did not have any other choices back then. Eveline was a hard worker. She lived in Dublin where people were poor and no one really had a great life. Things were not easy, and a lot of people were hopeless. Eveline had a simple and a boring life until she met Frank. She thought Frank was an amazing man who always had different stories to tell her. He was a sailor, so he traveled around a lot, and his words opened Eveline’s eyes. When Eveline’s father found out that she was seeing a sailor, he got very upset and had forbidden her to see him. Eveline and Frank would meet up secretly and try to keep their relationship alive. They both wanted to be together, and make each other happy, so they decided to run away, and start a new life together. Eveline was not a child anymore, and she knew what she wanted in her life. She really liked Frank, and she thought if she would go with him, her life would be better. If she would go to Buenos Aires , people would respect her and make her feel important. She knew she deserved a better life, and she did not want to be treated like her mother had been. Things got harder for Eveline after her mother passed away. Her father became more aggressive, and she was afraid of him. He had many rules at home, and Eveline did not feel free at all. She knew that her father loved her and cared for her, but heShow MoreRelatedSummary Of Eveline By James Joyce1327 Words   |  6 PagesChoices In the short story â€Å"Eveline,† written by James Joyce in 1914, Eveline lived a poverty stricken life with her father, whom was an abusive drunk. Eveline struggles with wanting to leave her dead end life or stay and take care of her father, which she believes is her duty. James Joyce’s â€Å"Eveline† tells a story of a girl who longs to live her own life away from her dark depressing home and her abusive father and start a new life with Frank who offers her a new life that she has only dreamed ofRead MoreReview Of Eveline By James Joyce1684 Words   |  7 PagesJames Joyce’s short story, â€Å"Eveline,† displayed Eveline’s indecisiveness on whether to leave home or stay at home. In the first part of the story, Eveline lost the physical presence of her family and friends; they either preceded in death or moved to another place. As she tried to develop her new life with her father, she noticed her father’s violent actions that she does all she can to escape the violence (Joyce, par. 9). When she explored life with Frank, she developed feelings for Frank in orderRead MoreSummary Of Eveline By James Joyce1617 Words   |  7 PagesThis is a story of an eighteen year old girl named Eveline, who was beaten, abused, threatened and frustrated by her father, in which she makes a decision to run away from home. But when she flashed back on the promises she made to her mother, she decided to stay with her family â€Å"strange that it should come that very night to remind her of the promise to her mother, her promise to keep the home together as long as she could† (James Joyce 204). Eveline wisely realized that leaving her family was notRead MoreEveline by James Joyce Essay1152 Words   |  5 Pagesenough to fight it with everything they have in their body, mind, and sprit. There are people like Eveline who find a decision too difficult to make and end up losing out on a better future. Eveline is a young lady of 19 (Meyer, 420) who has faced countless challenges in her life. In this short story she faces one of her most difficult choices that has the power to completely change her life. Eveline had the chance to leave her home and start a new life with Frank, someone she really loves. The closerRead MoreSummary Of Eveline By James Joyce960 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1914 James Joyce wrote a short story called â€Å"Eveline.† The story is about a young girl who wants have freedom and happiness. Also for someone to be there and love her. Eveline is faced with a difficult decision of staying with a family that has practically already fallen apart, or leaving with her future husband, Frank. Eveline lives in a place called Dublin with what is left of her family. Eveline has a big family with brothers and sisters, but one her brothers passed. His name was Ernest andRead MoreSummary Of Eveline By James Joyce1811 Words   |  8 Pagesin â€Å"Eveline† Through symbolism, history, and allusion, James Joyce depicts a struggle between paralysis and motivation in the short story, â€Å"Eveline.† The story shifts between the happenings of present day and past recollections. Early on, the protagonist, Eveline makes the decision to leave home in order to make a better life for herself. She wants to flee from her abusive, alcoholic father. Eveline determines that it is time to make her own choices. When it comes time to leave, Eveline is mentallyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Story Eveline By James Joyce954 Words   |  4 PagesEveline The story begins with a silver lining in a memory that deepens into a pit of depression The narrator helps to describe her memories as Eveline, staring blankly out a window, wallows in her conflicting feelings of adoration and isolation. Today in many places, what takes place in Dublin during 1914 as common place family dynamics, can be recognized as a cyclical pattern of abuse between a controlling and manipulative father, his demure and defenseless wife, and their helpless and hopefulRead MoreA Childhood Full of Pain in the Book, Eveline by James Joyce742 Words   |  3 Pages In the short story Eveline, by James Joyce. Eveline, the main character of the story has an exciting chance to leave her old life behind and begin a new one, in a new country. The story is about a difficult childhood full of pain. The family bonds in Eveline are almost like chains. Eveline seems to be burdened both physically and mentally by her parents. Her mother who died left her to fulfill th e responsibilities and duties of hers, but when she is offered an escape from this life, sheRead MoreA Similar Life Within A Story: Eveline by James Joyce1443 Words   |  6 Pagesindescribable. Many people live out their lives based off how that one person would want them to live. James Joyces short story, Eveline, is an example of how promises are hard to break. As James Joyce writes his stories, his characters and themes share similarities within his own life, giving them more value and much more meaning behind the importance of the story. To begin with, Eveline is the story of a young teenager facing a dilemma where she has to choose between living with her fatherRead MoreEssay about Character Analysis of James Joyce Eveline1432 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish 122 Ms. Purvis An Analysis of a Promise The short story written by James Joyce â€Å"Eveline† is about a young lady who lives her life in a promise. The promise is to her mother, who had passed away, that no matter how bad the family became, she would always keep it together. At a significant point in Eveline’s life, she was given the opportunity to leave the family and start a family of her own. Although Eveline is miserable with her life, she runs from Frank with no love in her eyes and

Financial Analysis Of Oil And Gas Development Company Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3441 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Oxford brookes university provided an opportunity for an ACCA student to obtain a degree of BSC(hons) of applied accounting by passing the Oxford university research and analysis project.This is not only an opportunity to obtain a OBU degree but a chance to extend and improve my skill and as well as the practical application of my knowledge acquired during the CAT and ACCA. There are twenty topic given by the Oxford university.I have chosen the topic number eight The business and financial performance of an organisation over a three year period.The company I have chosen is OGDCL(oil and gas development company limited) and the year under consideration is 2008-2010. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Financial Analysis Of Oil And Gas Development Company Finance Essay" essay for you Create order INTRODUCTION OF THE COMPANY OGDCL is the largest oil and gas company in Pakistan.it has a monoply and stands with a government support.Being the national oil and gas company OGDCL holds the flagship of the countrys exploration and production sector.it will be worth noting that the company is a market leader in Pakistan,in terms of reserves,production and acreage.The company contributes 21% of Pakistans total natural gas production and 54%of its oil production.There are 75 OGDCL fields in Pakistan of which 45 fields are owned and operated while 30 fields are Non-operated.the company is also registered in London Stock Exchange in addition to countrys own major stock exchanges.The company is all set to ride the wave of EP activity.The company is with the vision of becoming the leading producer and supplier of oil and gas in the international market by using all the possible options including strategic treaty.Being the most stable company,sales revenue and profits of the company currently enhanced by 9% and 6.5% to Rs 142.572 billion and Rs 59.177 billion respectively. COMPANY HISTORY The government of pakistan established Oil and Gas Development Corporation(OGDCL)under an ordinance dated 20th september 1961 as a statutory corporation to undertake exploration and development of oil and gas resources.The company was converted into a public limited company in 1997 and renamed as Oil and Gas Development Company Limited(OGDCL). MOTIVATION TO CHOOSE THIS TOPIC My academic knowledge and prior understanding during my study of ACCA,regarding accounting and finance,is the key factor of motivation for me to choose the topic of financial statement and business analysis of the organization.Financial reporting,performance management and control and financial information management are the subjects which I have studied and which truly relate to the financial statement and business analysis.This project offers me to apply this knowledge and skills in a real business scenario. Reasons to choose the company I have selected this organizaton (OGDCL)for analysis because it is the largest and the most stable organization so far in the country.As it is also listed in the London stock exchange so,it seems more appropriate to choose this company for analysis because ACCA is also a qualification which has bais in UK so it will provide me the opportunity to analyze its financial position and financial performance in international context.Moreover,the monoply of the company in the field of Petroleum and Gas exploration and production enhanced my motivation to pursue the analysis project of the organization. RESEARCH AIM AND OBJECTIVE 1 the primary objective of my report is to evaluate the financial performance of the company in context of overall business performance of OGDCL for the year 2008-2010 2 the research aim to provide the impartial and objective opinion on the financial as well as the business performance of the company. RESEARCH QUESTION 1 what actually is the business strategy of the OGDCL 2 what is the existing and preceding two financial position of the company 3 what factors affecting the financial and business performance of OGDCL during the period 2009 to 2010. 4 what are the implication of OGDCL future growth OVERALL RESEARCH FRAMEWORK AND TOOLS USED TO ANSWER THE RESEARCH QUESTION EVALUATION OF FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE In order to evaluate the financial performance of OGDCL the following tools are used in the report Ratio analysis Horizontal analysis Vertical analysis BUSSINESS EVALUATION The business strategy and growth prospect of the OGDCL is evaluated by the following two tools 1 porters model 2 swot model FINANCIAL ANALYSIS To evaluate the financial condition and performance of the company the financial analyst need a yardstick.The yardstick frequently ratio analysis. The limitation of accounting ratio is that it is based on accounting reality and ignores the economic realities. PROFITABILITY RATIO GROSS PROFIT MARGIN NET PROFIT MARGIN CAPITAL EMPLOYED RETURN ON EQUITY LIQUIDITY RATIO CURRENT RATIO QUICK RATIO EFFICIENCY RATIO DEBTORS TURNOVER DEBTORS IN DAYS CREDITORS DAYS NET ASSET TURNOVER INVESTMENT RATIO EARNING /SHARE INTEREST COVER DIVIDEND/SHARE PROFITABILITY RATIO GROSS PROFIT MARGIN A measure calculated by dividing gross profit by net sales.Gross profit is indication of firm ability to turn a dollar of sales into profit after the cost of good sold. Gross profit margin= gross profit/net sales 2008 2009 2010 Current Variance Current Variance Current variance 70% + 0.39 69.92% 70.57 +0.65 The above trend show that company maintain the gross profit ratio almost 70% during the three years.Although there is increase in sales 25% in year 2008,39% in year 2009 and 9% increase but the mcrcalo has been counter by the cost of goods sold with almost same percentage. GRAPH AND INDUSTRY AVERAGE NET PROFIT MARGIN Net income divided by net sales,a measure of management ability to carry a dollar of sales down to the bottom line for the stock holder,it also measures how well a company control its cost Net profit margin = net income/net sales 2008 2009 2010 Current 40 Deviation -6 Current 43 Deviation +3 Current 42 Deviation -1 Net profit margin In the year 2008,the company show the deviation of 6% in net profit margin,the downfall is mainly due to the tax litigation,the provision for the taxation of the company is 33 billion which is 118% more then the year 2007 There is a increase in 2009 by 3% this is due to increase in sale revenue by 4% and decrease in royalty as well as taxation expense by 12% and 25%. Although in year 2010 the sale have been by 9% but this increase is counter down by taxation,royalty and as well as the operation expenses.This is main cause of decrease in profit margin by 1%. GRAPH AND GROSS SECTION RETURN ON EQUITY INTEREST COVERAGE RATIO Interest coverage ratio is the ratio of earnings before interest and tax to the amount of interest charge for the period Interest coverage ratio give an insight into the ability of the company to service its debt 2008 2009 2010 Current Deviation Current deviation Current Deviation Interest coverage= PBIT/INTEREST EARNING PER SHARE Earnings per share represent the amount of profit earn by each ordinary share In a simple word it means the amount of profit available for the average shareholder EPS = PROFIT AFTER TAX/ACTUAL NUMBER OF SHARES 2008 2009 2010 Current 11.54 Deviation +.93 Current 12.91 Deviation +1.37 Current 13.76 Deviation +.85 The above trend shows the steady growth in the EPS.The reason for the growth is very obvious from the entitys financial statement that there is steady growth profit.The reason for growth has already been discussed in in the profitability ratio. The important point should be considered here that there is no change in equity ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦. GRAPH DIVIDEND /SHARE The amount of dividend received by the ordinary share is called dividend per share 2008 2009 2010 Current 9.50 Deviation +.50 Current 8.25 Deviation -1.25 Current 5.50 Deviation -2.75 The OGDCL have a decreasing trend since 2008,when you consider the following figure,this will obviously make it clear why the company has such decreasing trend,even though there is steady growth in profit. Dividend payout ratio 2008 2009 2010 92% 64% 40% The company has a policy to retain profit. ASSETS TURNOVER RATIO This ratio measures the managements efficiency in generating revenue from the net assets at disposal. If this ratio gives the higher result, the more the management is efficient in generating the revenue from their net assets. Net Asset turnover Year(XXXX) Percentage (%) 2008 87 2009 79 2010 70 Reasons for Decline Assets OGDCL Asset Turnover ratio decreases from the last three years, this is due to significant increase in value of its fixed assets, as from the financial results the increase in fixed assets is shown as in table below: Particulars 2008 2009 2010 Fixed Asset(Rs in Billion) 67.71 87.69 103.18 Current Assets(Rs in billion) 79.82 85.46 120.43 As shown in the table the highlighted figures tells us that the fixed assets are increasing 30% from 08 to 09 and 18% from 09 to 10 and therefore significantly increasing from 2008 to 2010 which will cause decrease in the asset turnover, Also we have seen that the value of current assets in the year 2010 will have an significant increase, as 41% increase from 09 to 10 , this will also affect the asset turnover. This company is not using its assets efficiently. Management efficiency is going to decline. Sales We will discuss also the value of sales which will also affect this ratio, but for this company the value of sales is not significantly affect this ratio as the sales revenue does not have any significant change in the last three years as shown in the table: Particulars 2008 2009 2010 Net Sales(Rs in Billion) 125.91 130.83 142.57 From the figures in the table showing that there is insignificant change in the value of sales in the year 2008 2009 due to this asset turnover will not effect because of these results. But in year 2010 the value of sales increases 9% which should affect the asset turnover but unfortunately in this year the value of fixed assets and current assets are increased too much that the effect of the sales is cancelled. Remedies for Good Asset turnover: The company should increase the value of its sales as much so that the increase in asset will not disturb the turnover. Alternatively, the company should dispose of some of its non useful assets and utilize fewer assets efficiently. CURRENT RATIO The current ratio measures the adequacy of current assets to meet the current liabilities as they fall due. Current Ratio Particulars 2008 2009 2010 Current ratio(times) 3.72 4.01 3.46 Reasons for Change As we know that these values of current ratios are extracted from the figures of current assets and current liabilities of the last three years, so we will discuss the change in the value of current assets and liabilities which will cause these ratios to change. Table shows the value of current assets and Current liabilities from the last three years. Particulars 2008 2009 2010 Current Asset(Rs in Billion) 79.82 85.46 120.43 Current Liabilities(Rs in Billion) 21.44 21.29 34.84 From the figures of 2008 2009 we have seen that value of current liability was not changing but only there is a change in the value of current assets which will cause the increase in current ratio in 2009. But in 2010 the current ratio declines which is due to greater increase in the value of current liabilities increases 67% while less increase in the current assets 41% which will results in lower current ratio. If the value of current assets increases much more than current liabilities than current ratio will increase, but this do not happen in this year. ACID TEST RATIO This is a part of current ratio and is found by comparing liquid resources i.e., cash and bank balance, readily saleable securities and book debt with current liabilities. A decline in this ratio indicates overtrading which, if serious , may land the company in difficulties. A good current ratio accompanied by a low quick ratio will indicate a disproportionately high investment in stocks. Acid test Ratio Quick ratio of OGDCL of the last three years is as follow in table: Particulars 2008 2009 2010 Quick ratio(times) 2.94 3.25 3.03 As shown in the table, the trend in the quick ratio is same as in the current ratio. So we should study the change in value of stock here. Stock levels in the last three years are as follows: Particulars 2008 2009 2010 Stock In trade(Rs in 000) 151,782 108,301 172,084 These results show that stock in trade decrease in the year 2009 which will result increase in the quick ratio in this year. As in the table stock in trade decreases 29% from 08 to 09 and suddenly 59% increase in the stock in trade from 09 to 10. DEBTORS TURNOVER RATIO Debtors turnover ratio establishes the relationship between credit sales and accounts receivable. A high debtors turnover ratio will mean that debts are being collected efficiently. It is reliable measure of the time of cash flow from credit sales. A low debtor turnover ratio will tell us that management is performing inefficiently. Debtors turnover = Debtors turnover ratio of OGDCL of the last three years is shown in the table as follow: Particulars 2008 2009 2010 Debtors turnover ratio(times) 3.66 2.70 2.05 From the figures we have seen that from the last three years the debtors turnover ratio is going to decline. This will show that debts are not being collected efficiently. Hence it indicates a poor credit control. Reason for Decline There are several reasons for the declining debtors turnover ratio, for example we should discuss here the value of credit sales and account receivable (trade debts) figures The value of trade debts from the last three years are as follow: Particulars 2008 2009 2010 Trade Debts(Rs in 000) 40,705,299 56,140,092 82,992,291 From the figures we have seen that the value of debts from 2008 to 2010 is about 51% increase which is a huge increase in the value of debts this increase effect on the debtor turnover ratio to decline. The OGDCL,s management allowed his debts to increase which is showing their weak efficiency in their management. DEBTORS COLLECTION PERIOD It shows the number of days sale that remain uncollected on the average. On comparison with the official credit period, it would whether the debts are collected in time or not. Debtors collection period x 365 Debtors collection period of OGDCL from the last three years are as follow: Particulars 2008 2009 2010 Debtors Collection Period(Days) 100 135 178 From the debtors collection period there is 78% increase in days of which the debt is to be collected from the year 2008 to 2010, which is a huge increase and it shows us that debt of the company is collected in longer days in 2010 as compared to 2008. It will indicate the poor credit control of the company. Reason for Increase The reason for the great increase in the debtors collection period is due to the significant increase in the value of Trade debts which is 51% increase from 2008 to 2010. The figures are shown in the previous debtors turnover ratio. BUSINESS ANALYSIS Business analysis is the set of tasks and techniques used to work as a liaison among stakeholders in order to understand the structure, policies and operations of an organization, and to recommend solutions that enable the organization to achieve its goals. It involves understanding how organizations function to accomplish their purposes and defining the capabilities an organization to provide products and services to external stake holders. It includes the definition of organizational goals, how those goals connect to specific objective, determining the courses of action that an organization has to undertake to achieve those goals and objectives, and defining how the various organizational units and stake holders within and outside of that organization interact. Need to perform of a business analysis: Business analysis is performed to understand the current state of a company (OGDC) or to serve as a basis for the later identification of its business needs. It also defines and validate solutions that meet OGDCs business needs, goals and objectives. Techniques applied for business analysis: There are various business techniques used to carry out the analysis. The major ones used are: SWOT analysis: This is an effective business tool in carrying out a companys internal and external analysis. Companys internal analysis can be carried out looking at the Strengths and Weaknesses whereas external analysis requires looking at the Opportunities and Threats. OGDCLs Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats have been looked at in this analysis which are as follows: Strengths OGDCL is the largest oil and gas company in Pakistan. It has a monopoly and a great confidence in the Oil and Gas market due to Govt of Pakistans support. It is also listed on an International Stock Exchange. OGDC has Dynamic Strong Financial Position due to the experience of four decades. It holds nearby fifty blocks/ concession which are the enormous combination among other oil and gas companies in Pakistan. Paramount business locations which are found after long process. Best quality process and procedures. Experienced and technical workforce. Innovation of wells through expert Geologists. Confidence of the customers. The company is being expanded to other countries of the world like Yemen, Sudan, Iraq and Nigeria. Weaknesses Unsatisfied workforce: Recently there was a labour strike at OGDCL which affected lot of its business. Lack of marketing expertise. Undifferentiated products or services in relation to the competitors. Lack of coordination of operations. Government Influence. For employees there is a slow promotion process which reduces the performance. Lack of check and balance. Opportunities Moving into new market segments that offer improved profits. A developing market such as the Internet. Mergers, joint ventures or strategic alliances. A market vacated by an ineffective competitor. Large workshops for training and development. Support of the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources. Better Competitive Position. Threats Fear of Privatization. Price wars with competitors. A competitor has a new, innovative product or service turns to tuff competition through globalization which brings the strong companies in Pakistan. Competitors have superior access to channels of distribution. POTERS FIVE FORCES MODEL ANALYSIS This model describes the OGDC in relation to its economic environment. The competitive position of an OGDC depends on five competitive forces. Together these forces determine the overall profit potential of the company. Although, looking at an individual firm , its ability to earn higher profit margins will be determined by weather or not it can manage the five forces more effectively than competitors. All five forces together provide a good overview of the company and can help to estimate OGDCLs further profit potential. The five forces are discussed one by one: Industrial Rivalry This describes the intensity of competition of a company between other companies. In case of Oil and Gas Development Company Limited the major competing companies are National Refinery Limited (NRL), Pak-Arab refinery limited (PARCO) and Pakistan Refinery Limited (PRL). They are competing with OGDCL on the basis of their products and pricing making it heard for any new rivals to enter. The rivalry is intense because the OGDC is equally sized enough among these companies. Therefore, the switching cost of OGDC is relatively low as the fixed cost is huge enough which encourage the competitors to fill unused capacity by price cutting. The switching cost in oil and gas industry is relatively low. Threat of Potential Substitute Threat of substitute exist in OGDC because the products demand is affected by the price change of a substitute product e.g. LNG substituting CNG. The price elasticity of oil and gas products like Petrol and CNG is affected by the substitute products because more substitutes are becoming available and the demand become more elastic since customers have more alternatives such as CNG, LPG, and LSD etc. Because of the availability of close substitute of oil and gas product the company may raise prices. While the threat of substitutes typically impacts OGDC through price competition, there are other concerns in accessing the threats of substitute like the substitutability of liquid oxygenated products and bio-fuels versus gas, oil and diesel. The Bargaining Power of The Buyers The major buyers of OGDCs products are Attock Petroleum Limited (APL), Pakistan State Oil Company LTD, Shell Pakistan LTD, Caltex Oil Pakistan LTD and Total Parco Pakistan LTD. The bargaining power of the buyers is weaker because they have the threat of forward integration by the producers like Saudi Arabian Oil Company (SAUDI ARAMCO), British Petroleum (BPP), etc who can take over their own distribution or retailing. Significant buyer switching cost which means buyer cannot easily switch to another product. Buyers are fragmented which means the buyers have no particular influence on product and producer supply critical portions of buyers input. The Bargaining Power of The Suppliers In opposition to OGDC the major suppliers of crude oil and natural gas are Saudi Arabian Oil Company (SAUDI ARAMCO), E.N.I Pakistan LTD, B.H.P Petroleum, Pakistan Petroleum Limited, Orient Petroleum International Private Limited (O.P.I (PVT) LTD), O.M.V Pakistan, and British Petroleum. Therefore, the suppliers are powerful they have an influence on producing industry such as selling raw material at a higher price to capture some of the industry profits. They can integrate forward. They have the information of their buyer. Threats of New Entrants Barriers to enter in Oil and Gas industry are arising from many sources. In case of OGDCLs which is Government holding company, barriers are taxes, freight margin, Petroleum Development Levy, patents and proprietarily knowledge. Note: Sources which were fruitful in analyzing the above described analysis are: www.brecorder.com www.accountancyforum.com www.google.com www.scribd.com

The Pop Free Essays

1 Mixtures and Solutions: Candy Chromotography Background Information and Research Biochemists often use this method of separation when studying amino acids or other chemicals from living things. Also they use it to separate a solution with multiple components with different polarites. People use chromoography to find the things in milk,find out what chemicals are in black ink, also determine whether something is hazardous or not. We will write a custom essay sample on The Pop or any similar topic only for you Order Now Purpose The purpose of this experiment is to see what kind of dyes and colors are in the candy’s colored coating. Also to see what kind of things are in it. Materials: Candy with a colored coating, like Skittles ® or MMs ® (4 different colors) †¢ Rubbing alcohol or isopropyl alcohol †¢ Coffee filters (2) †¢ Tall glasses or plastic cups (2) †¢ Pencil †¢ Ruler †¢ Tape †¢ Foil or paper plate †¢ Table salt †¢ Water †¢ Toothpicks or cotton swabs (4) †¢ Measuring cups/spoons †¢ Clean pitcher or 2-liter bottle Procedure: 1. Coffee filters usually are round, but it’s easier to compare your results if the paper is square. So your first task is to cut the coffee filter into a square measuring three cm by nine cm square from a coffee filter. You will need two of these strips to complete the lab. 2. Space four drops of water (or however many colors you are testing) equally distant on a piece of foil or plate. Position one candy of each color on the drops. Give the color about a minute to come off into the water. Dispose of the candy. 3. Using a pencil (do not use a pen), draw a line one cm (1/2 inch) from the edge of one end of one strip of paper. 4. Make four pencil dots (one for each color of candy you will be examining) along this line, about 0. cm (1/4 inch) apart. Underneath each dot, label the color of the candy you will test on that spot. You won’t have space to write the whole color name, so try abbreviations like B for blue, G for green, etc. 5. Before you complete the rest of the lab, make a prediction of the components you expect to see from each candy color. 6. Dip a toothpick or cotton swab into one sample of colored water and dab the color onto the pencil dot for that color. Use a clean toothpick for each color. Try to keep each dot as small as possible. Allow the filter paper to dry, and then go back and add more color to each dot, repeating this step a total of three times for each color. 7. Prepare the salt solution by mixing 1/8 teaspoon of salt and three cups of water in a clean pitcher or 2-liter bottle. Stir or shake the solution until it is dissolved. This will produce a 1% salt solution. 8. Pour the salt solution into a clean tall glass so that the liquid level is 1/4 inch (0. 5 cm). 9. Tape the strip to a pencil and rest the pencil on top of the jar so that the strip hangs into the jar. The goal is to have the end of the chromatography strip just touching the surface of the solvent solution, with the colored dots above the surface of the liquid. Make sure that the colored spots do not come in direct contact with the liquid in the bottom of the glass. 10. Capillary action will draw the salt solution up the paper. As it passes through the dots, it will begin to separate the dyes. When the salt water is 1/4 inch (0. 5 cm) from the top edge of the paper, remove it from the glass and place it on a clean, flat surface to dry. 11. Repeat steps two through nine (using the second strip of paper and a clean glass) to test the same four colors using the alcohol instead of the saltwater solution at the bottom of the glass. Data and Observations Original Predictions: †¢ The red MM will travel the farthest and be the strongest. †¢ The The dye in the yellow MM will travel less and be the lightest color. †¢ [pic] Other observations I noticed was the stationary phase matters. Both the red and yellow travveld to the front but had little separation. Red showed the lowest travelling distance. Discussion and Conclusion: The first part of this section discusses the observations and results of the lab as well as any mistakes that may have been made (or what measures were taken to try to avoid mistakes) and what improvements, if any, you can think of for the procedure for the next time the lab will be conducted. The discussion section of this lab should also include discussions on the following: †¢ A comparison of how each solution (salt water and alcohol) separated the pigments from each color of candy or ink type. Which solution worked better at separating each of the pigments (it may be different for different candy colors or inks), and why do you think that is? †¢ If you had allowed less time for the lab (stopping the separation process when the solution was half way up the paper) how do you think that would have affected your results? †¢ What pigment colors traveled farther up the paper? What pigment traveled the least? Was it the same or different when those pigments appeared in other candy colors or inks? Was it the same or different when separated by alcohol instead of salt water? How to cite The Pop, Papers

Justice delayed is justice denied free essay sample

Nobody is bothered or sheds a tear when an ordinary person comes under the scanner and Is convicted, falsely or not. But when powerful politicians or other Influential people come under the scanner, rules are bent and a way out is found to safeguard their interests. I have seen the justice systems of India and the USA over more than twenty years. I can say from my experiences that the blindfold of justice is transparent, seeing some and choosing to to see others.In my personal case, in the USA during extradition proceedings, the special prosecutor was caught red-handed behind death threats being Issued to the presiding Judge despite having made out that actually I was behind It. Luckily she was caught but got away by pleading not guilty on account of a multiple personality claim. I have seen the rich and the mighty being given a greater sense of the benefit of the doubt, rules and laws being amended overnight to give relief as fast as it can be. We will write a custom essay sample on Justice delayed is justice denied or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As a Sikh and being under the thumb of the law for too many years now, I have seen Justice being circumvented and denied to ordinary people like us and many others. The prison is the underbelly of any system and it reflects the segmentation of a society and a nation. Mostly people from low Incomes and the deprived side of life end up there. Why this Is so Is a big question which has been debated for too long without answer. I believe that being amongst the lesser privileged doesnt make you inherently susceptible to end up in prison or more likely to commit crime.But if we an reduce the number of people going to Jail we have to appreciate their worth economically and if society and the world at large Is safer the budgets of law enforcement will come down. The psychosis of fear will be removed from peoples minds, a fear that Is often exaggerated by law enforcement agencies to keep their own worth alive. I am not downplaying the importance and worth for the society of these people, but I am reporting an all too common scenario. I came voluntarily from the USA despite winning my extradition case.I did not seek asylum or refugee status. I opted to come back to India to face trial again and I was convicted in the same case where they failed to establish even the probability of my involvement and yet I am a convicted man. I dont regret coming back as I stood up against an unjust society which uses Its own army to crush Its molesters and uses Its mobs to burn and destroy people of different faiths who happen to be a minority, whilst nobody is punished. I still recall the New York Times article after the 1984 Sikh genocide stating that civilization crumbled.They were more accurate than we could have imagined; just look at what has happened since: Punjab has had a Chairmans Kali Deal government three times since those days and their nemesis the Congress Party has repeatedly sold to us is that we came out of the tyranny of terrorism and saved our nation. This story is retold without going into the fabric of what brought about the anarchy and loss of those days; it is regurgitated without looking at the structure of Punja b in India. As long as the law is different for different people, those with power and influence will always be above conviction.

System I designed in order to produce a promotion package for her newly formed company selling music CDs Essay Example

System I designed in order to produce a promotion package for her newly formed company selling music CDs Essay My friend was impressed with the system I designed in order to produce a promotion package for her newly formed company selling music CDs. The business has expanded rapidly with the large number of music CD titles in stock and has many regular customers. She would also like to develop a mail order service within the business. All the information at the moment is kept on paper based records and she is finding it difficult to locate information due to the increasing volume of sales in the business. My friend has been advised to convert her records onto a computer-based system and was given a floppy disk to containing sample data on current music titles available on CD to start her off. She has no idea how to access this information and has commissioned me to evaluate this data and devise a system that will allow her to keep her records of music CDs in stock, and customers for the mail order section of the company. We will write a custom essay sample on System I designed in order to produce a promotion package for her newly formed company selling music CDs specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on System I designed in order to produce a promotion package for her newly formed company selling music CDs specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on System I designed in order to produce a promotion package for her newly formed company selling music CDs specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer My system will include: * Data capture sheets for CD data and customer details * Collection and input of data * Evidence that I have chosen a data-handling package and constructed a database. * * Presentation of the results in the form of printouts demonstrating the information which can be obtained from searching * A comprehensive User Guide so that my friend and her employees can use the system * An explanation of what has been done at every stage of my work, giving details of the software used and how it enabled me to create and develop my work. My work will be presented in five labelled sections as shown below: * Analysis * Design * Implementation * Testing * Evaluation My work will be secured in a plastic folder with a front sheet, which includes the following details: * A bold large heading; * A sub heading; * A graphic; * My name; * My centre number * My candidate number My work will also include a contents page so it is easier to examine my work and all pages will be numbered. Candidate No.- 6071 Centre No.- 20860 Action Plan The following is a list of jobs I need to do in order of priority: 28/9/00 Look at databases: identify weaknesses 30/9/00 Read through booklet carefully so I understand the task set 3/10/00 Write a statement giving details of the task 5/10/00 Arrange task criteria 7/10/00 Gather information about the task (How do other mail order companies and retail businesses store and process their data.) 9/10/00 Find out, and analyse the views of, potential users of mail order services and CD shops 11/10/00 Use an analysis of my completed questionnaires etc justify my design specification. This should include statements about structure, ease of use, quality of user documentation, types of output and presentation 13/10/00 Make a statement giving reasons which hardware and software is required for my system to run effectively 14/10/00 Check through Analysis section 15/10/00 Start Design section and examine and evaluate alternative methods of creating my system and explain what changes will be required based on my research evidence 17/10/00 Produce two or three database structures and explain strengths and weaknesses 19/10/00 Choose design that is most suitable and explain the decision 21/10/00 Explain how the hardware and software available influenced the design 23/10/00 Obtain views of potential users of my system using feedback to improve my system 25/10/00 Prepare data collection sheets and enter a suitable sample by hand 27/10/00 Produce database as detailed in design specification 29/10/00 Produce user guide for client 1/11/00 1st Submission date. Research completed and data files created with evidence of testing 3/11/00 Explain why I used the specific software and produce user guide for users explaining what the system can do 4/11/00 Check through Implementation section 5/11/00 Start Testing. Investigate verification and validation techniques and produce a testing plan 7/11/00 Check results of data entry correcting any errors and show any improvements made prior to this. 9/11/00 Create table to show how different parts of the system were tested, with evidence 11/11/00 Produce a series of simple and complex searches to demonstrate what the system can do. 13/11/00 Describe changes made as a result of testing, with evidence 14/11/00 Check through Testing section 15/11/00 Start Evaluation section. Explain reasons for software use giving clear features 17/11/00 Analyse the results of my searches and compare with the original stated requirements of the files 19/11/00 Include comments from third party about the viability of my new system and explain the changes made as a result of those comments 21/11/00 Compare design I have produced with original design specification. 22/11/00 Double check through entire coursework to make sure nothing is missing 24/11/00 Final Submission date. Hand in coursework Design I used Microsoft Access to create my database design structures. I followed the wizard and created four database design structures. I also explained and criticised each one. I then chose the best database design structure that I thought was most suitable to the task. Finally I printed all the structures on a Lexmark Z31 color jetprinter. Contents 1. Analysis Page 3 2. Design Page 18 3. Implementation Page 31 4. Testing Page 61 5. Evaluation Page 68 Questionnaire Analysis I recently visited the Virgin Megastore and MVC in Walsall with a couple of friends and interviewed both managers. We got them to fill the client questionnaires in that we designed together. We did this because we knew that both managers would be very busy so we designed it together to speed the process up and to have ideas on alternative methods of creating the system and database design structures. We found out that both companies are potential users of mail order and both agree that it is very reliable to store and process their data by using the system and agree that the system is not completely perfect as some errors do occur once in a while. The cost of mail order depends on how many products are purchased. Both use database and word-processing to store and process their data respectively. The mail order service is for any age group and both companies have a wide variety of music CDs available for the users of the system. Virgin Megastore uses the Internet mainly for their systems but both head offices decide the hardware and software that the companies use for their systems to run effectively. Their opinions on mail order are that it is very easy to use and that it is reliable enough, as they have been using the system for years. We were told that you get what you want out of mail order and we were given Virgins website to find out more information on mail order: [emailprotected] We got both managers to sign our questionnaires as evidence that we visited the companies. I also did a customer questionnaire to find out the views of the public and customers. I got many people to fill my customer questionnaire in and left a copy inside my folder to show an example of what it looked like after a member of the public filled it in. I found that Pop music was the most popular with people and classical the least popular. Most people would pay between à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10-15 for a music CD. This is because the best CDs are highly priced therefore most customers are prepared to take that risk and spend over the limit just to get the latest music. Very few people order their music of the Internet because not all people are connected to the Internet and the people who are think that the system is unreliable. Virgin Megastore is the most popular music store as it has many customers and WH Smith has the least amount of customers who buy music from the shop. Most people I did a survey upon were between the 10-20-age category. Now that I have analysed my questionnaire, I will justify my design specification. Design Specification The following shows details about the design structures, ease of use, quality of user documentation, types of output and presentation. I will show this by doing the following: * Do printouts to show an exploration of data in a computer database to obtain specific information. * Do printouts that I have thoroughly checked and edited the databases. (I.e., correct errors, add and delete records, fields). * Show my data collection methods suitable for the printouts and other output that I may require. * Do printouts showing simple and complex searches for specific information. * Show evidence that I have chosen a data handling package and constructed a database. * Write an explanation of what has been done at every stage of my work, giving details of the software used and how it has enabled me to create and develop my work. Candidate No.- 6071 Centre No.- 20860 Data File I obtained my data using my data collection sheets and entered by hand a suitable sample. I received feedback from my family, friends and relatives. I later typed the data up in Microsoft Access. The table is shown below: Customer ID Last Name First Name Gender Birthdate Place of Birth 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Data File Below is the data that I typed up in Microsoft Access: Customer ID Last Name First Name Gender Birthdate Place of birth 1 BASRA SUKHPINDER M 10/05/85 WALSALL 2 SANOBAR MANSOOR M 27/12/84 WALSALL 3 HUSSAIN AKHTAR M 06/03/85 WALSALL 4 GANI BODRUL M 14/01/85 WALSALL 5 BHANGAL HARPREET M 04/12/84 WALSALL 6 AHMED NABEEL M 16/11/84 KASHMIR 7 UDDIN AZIR M 24/10/84 WALSALL 8 BOULTON KERRY F 29/11/84 WALSALL 9 BEGUM SHAHEENA F 25/02/85 WALSALL 10 AZIZ ARZOO F 18/01/85 WALSALL 11 QAMAR NAFISA F 19/07/85 WALSALL 12 MANN HARBAJAN M 11/04/65 GLASGOW 13 GINOLA DAVID M 03/05/68 TOTTENHAM 14 DEL PIERO ALESSANDRO M 10/11/75 ROME 15 BATISTUTA GABRIEL M 02/04/69 ROME 16 KLINSMANN JURGEN M 25/12/67 MUNICH 17 REBROV SERGEI M 12/12/75 WALSALL 18 ARMSTRONG CHRIS M 03/04/71 TOTTENHAM 19 CAMPBELL SOL M 04/12/74 TOTTENHAM 20 ANDERTON DARREN M 26/10/71 TOTTENHAM 21 VIERI CHRISTIAN M 04/03/74 MILAN 22 CARR STEVEN M 27/05/77 TOTTENHAM 23 LES FERDINAND M 03/01/67 TOTTENHAM 24 GAREWAL MANDEEP M 17/08/84 WALSALL 25 AFZAL IRFAN M 12/09/84 WALSALL 26 MICHAELS SHAWN M 21/07/67 NEW YORK 27 AUSTIN STEVE M 07/06/85 TEXAS 28 NAGVI ASADULLAH F 10/06/85 WALSALL 29 SINGH PIARA F 01/01/39 SLOUGH 30 CUBRA ROGER M 04/07/59 HALIFAX Data File 1 The data file below is very useful because the customer names are in ascending order by their first name, which makes it easier for the user to find a specific person. Customer ID Last Name First Name Gender Birthdate Place of birth 3 HUSSAIN AKHTAR M 06/03/85 WALSALL 14 DEL PIERO ALESSANDRO M 10/11/75 ROME 10 AZIZ ARZOO F 18/01/85 WALSALL 28 NAGVI ASADULLAH F 10/06/85 WALSALL 7 UDDIN AZIR M 24/10/84 WALSALL 4 GANI BODRUL M 14/01/85 WALSALL 18 ARMSTRONG CHRIS M 03/04/71 TOTTENHAM 21 VIERI CHRISTIAN M 04/03/74 MILAN 20 ANDERTON DARREN M 26/10/71 TOTTENHAM 13 GINOLA DAVID M 03/05/68 TOTTENHAM 23 LES FERDINAND M 03/01/67 TOTTENHAM 15 BATISTUTA GABRIEL M 02/04/69 ROME 12 MANN HARBAJAN M 11/04/65 GLASGOW 5 BHANGAL HARPREET M 04/12/84 WALSALL 25 AFZAL IRFAN M 12/09/84 WALSALL 16 KLINSMANN JURGEN M 25/12/67 MUNICH 8 BOULTON KERRY F 29/11/84 WALSALL 24 GAREWAL MANDEEP M 17/08/84 WALSALL 2 SANOBAR MANSOOR M 27/12/84 WALSALL 6 AHMED NABEEL M 16/11/84 KASHMIR 11 QAMAR NAFISA F 19/07/85 WALSALL 29 SINGH PIARA F 01/01/39 SLOUGH 30 CUBRA ROGER M 04/07/59 HALIFAX 17 REBROV SERGEI M 12/12/75 WALSALL 9 BEGUM SHAHEENA F 25/02/85 WALSALL 26 MICHAELS SHAWN M 21/07/67 NEW YORK 19 CAMPBELL SOL M 04/12/74 TOTTENHAM 27 AUSTIN STEVE M 07/06/85 TEXAS 22 CARR STEVEN M 27/05/77 TOTTENHAM 1 BASRA SUKHPINDER M 10/05/85 WALSALL Data File 2 The data file below is in ascending order by the place of birth. It is not very useful because many customers are from the same birthplace so it would be difficult for the user to search a customers record. Customer ID Last Name First Name Gender Birthdate Place of birth 12 MANN HARBAJAN M 11/04/65 GLASGOW 30 CUBRA ROGER M 04/07/59 HALIFAX 6 AHMED NABEEL M 16/11/84 KASHMIR 21 VIERI CHRISTIAN M 04/03/74 MILAN 16 KLINSMANN JURGEN M 25/12/67 MUNICH 26 MICHAELS SHAWN M 21/07/67 NEW YORK 15 BATISTUTA GABRIEL M 02/04/69 ROME 14 DEL PIERO ALESSANDRO M 10/11/75 ROME 29 SINGH PIARA F 01/01/39 SLOUGH 27 AUSTIN STEVE M 07/06/85 TEXAS 13 GINOLA DAVID M 03/05/68 TOTTENHAM 22 CARR STEVEN M 27/05/77 TOTTENHAM 20 ANDERTON DARREN M 26/10/71 TOTTENHAM 19 CAMPBELL SOL M 04/12/74 TOTTENHAM 18 ARMSTRONG CHRIS M 03/04/71 TOTTENHAM 23 LES FERDINAND M 03/01/67 TOTTENHAM 2 SANOBAR MANSOOR M 27/12/84 WALSALL 3 HUSSAIN AKHTAR M 06/03/85 WALSALL 4 GANI BODRUL M 14/01/85 WALSALL 5 BHANGAL HARPREET M 04/12/84 WALSALL 7 UDDIN AZIR M 24/10/84 WALSALL 8 BOULTON KERRY F 29/11/84 WALSALL 9 BEGUM SHAHEENA F 25/02/85 WALSALL 10 AZIZ ARZOO F 18/01/85 WALSALL 28 NAGVI ASADULLAH F 10/06/85 WALSALL 1 BASRA SUKHPINDER M 10/05/85 WALSALL 25 AFZAL IRFAN M 12/09/84 WALSALL 17 REBROV SERGEI M 12/12/75 WALSALL 24 GAREWAL MANDEEP M 17/08/84 WALSALL 11 QAMAR NAFISA F 19/07/85 WALSALL Data File 3 The data file is in ascending order by the customers date of birth. As you can see it is very useful because it shows the date of birth from the oldest to the youngest person in order, the way the customer pays and their address which makes it relatively easy for the user of the system. All the user has to do is to type in a birthdate using the search to find the customers age. Customer ID Last Name First Name Gender Birthdate Place of birth Address Pay by 1 BASRA SUKHPINDER M 10/05/85 WALSALL 27 Willoherb Close Cash 2 SANOBAR MANSOOR M 27/12/84 WALSALL 24 Lord Street Cash 3 HUSSAIN AKHTAR M 06/03/85 WALSALL 12 Maple Drive Cash 4 GANI BODRUL M 14/01/85 WALSALL 123 Broadway West Cash 5 BHANGAL HARPREET M 04/12/84 WALSALL 2 Poppy Drive Cash 6 AHMED NABEEL M 16/11/84 KASHMIR 15 Tarsemir Close Cash 7 UDDIN AZIR M 24/10/84 WALSALL 5 Milton Street Cash 8 BOULTON KERRY F 29/11/84 WALSALL 17 Bell Lane Cash 9 BEGUM SHAHEENA F 25/02/85 WALSALL 69 Milton Street Cash 10 AZIZ ARZOO F 18/01/85 WALSALL 33 Caldmore Road Cash 11 QAMAR NAFISA F 19/07/85 WALSALL 44 Milton Street Cash 12 MANN HARBAJAN M 11/04/65 GLASGOW 27 Rosehip Close Cheque 13 GINOLA DAVID M 03/05/68 TOTTENHAM 77 Park Lane Cheque 14 DEL PIERO ALESSANDRO M 10/11/75 ROME 17 Honeysuckle Drive Visa 15 BATISTUTA GABRIEL M 02/04/69 ROME 19 Santi Bernabeau Cheque 16 KLINSMANN JURGEN M 25/12/67 MUNICH 64 Stadio Olimpico Visa 17 REBROV SERGEI M 12/12/75 WALSALL 24 White Hart Lane Cheque 18 ARMSTRONG CHRIS M 03/04/71 TOTTENHAM 9 Bow Street Cash 19 CAMPBELL SOL M 04/12/74 TOTTENHAM 67 White Hart Lane Cash 20 ANDERTON DARREN M 26/10/71 TOTTENHAM 34 Trafalgar Square Cheque 21 VIERI CHRISTIAN M 04/03/74 MILAN 21 Las Palmas Visa 22 CARR STEVEN M 27/05/77 TOTTENHAM 7 Oxford Street Visa 23 LES FERDINAND M 03/01/67 TOTTENHAM 137 Broadway West Visa 24 GAREWAL MANDEEP M 17/08/84 WALSALL 56 West Bromwich Road Cash 25 AFZAL IRFAN M 12/09/84 WALSALL 121 Newman Street Cash 26 MICHAELS SHAWN M 21/07/67 NEW YORK 97 HBK Merchandise Cheque 27 AUSTIN STEVE M 07/06/85 TEXAS 44 Rattlesnake Willows Cheque 28 NAGVI ASADULLAH F 10/06/85 WALSALL 27 West Bromwich Road Cash 29 SINGH PIARA F 01/01/39 SLOUGH 4 Poppy Drive Cheque 30 CUBRA ROGER M 04/07/59 HALIFAX 23 Lord Street Visa Best Data File I think my third data file was the best because it is the easiest and quickest way for the user to locate a customer. All the user has to do is type in a birth date and it will give a list of birthdates. This depends if the user uses AND, OR, LIKE or NOT in their search. They can also do this to find the customer address or the way in which the customer wants to pay. I rejected my second data file because if the user used AND, OR or LIKE I their search, there would be a big list say if the user chose to search by Walsall or Tottenham so it would take longer for the user to access a specific customers data. I rejected my first data file because if say the user of the system typed in Chris in their search then Christian would also come up too because Chris is the first part of Christian. This suggests that the data file is not very reliable to the user. Changes to the system After examining and evaluating alternative methods of creating my system I have made a few changes to my databases. I looked at the original data given to me and wrote down the things that I needed to change. Here are some of the things I need to do/change to the database: * Create a data structure that holds record information * Create a database structure that holds customer information * Add a few extra fields * Change the layout of the page slightly * Update the information to the modern day. CD Sample This is a bad database. It has only four fields and does not tell you any details of the potential user or how many CDs are in stock. The data is placed in any order so it is difficult for the user to find the Title of the CD or CDs they want to order. Also the prices are not in ascending order so the user has to look carefully whether the CD is in their price range or not. Older users of the system tend to like older music and the Year of release is not in ascending order so it is hard for the older user to locate the era in which the CD was produced. How the Hardware and Software I used influenced me to my design The hardware I used influenced me very much. I used a printer, which printed all my database design structures and data collection sheets very quickly. I printed all the structures on a Lexmark Z31 color jetprinter. I also used a photocopier to copy my data collection sheets and for my questionnaires. Record Information Design Structure Design View Datasheet View Artist Title Year Price Quantity A1 Take me on 2000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10.00 3 Architechs Body Groove 2000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½7.00 8 Bon Jovi Crush 2000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5.00 5 Bon Jovi Its my life 2000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5.00 16 Britney Spears Oops I did it again! 2000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½8.00 2 Craig David 7 Days 2000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10.00 7 Craig David Fill me in 2000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5.00 9 Eminem The Marshall Mathers 2000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5.00 10 Eminem The way I am 2000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10.00 15 Five Invincible 2000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5.00 5 Madonna Music 2000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½15.00 8 Mel C I turn to you 2000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½7.00 4 Richard Blackwood 1234 Get with the wicked 2000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½8.00 4 Robbie Williams Rock DJ 2000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½11.00 13 Ronan Keating Ronan 2000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½6.00 9 S Club 7 Reach 2000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5.00 3 SNOOP D.D. FEAT. DR DRE ITS A G THING 2000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½9.00 1 Spice Girls Holler 2000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5.00 11 Various Artists Gatecrasher: global sound system 2000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½15.00 6 Various Artists Fresh Hits 2000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½12.00 3 Various Artists Now thats what I call music! 46 2000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½12.00 8 Whitney Houston Greatest Hits 1999 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½12.00 2 Wyclef Jean It doesnt matter 2000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10.00 7 Design Structure 2 Design View Datasheet View Design Structure 3 Design View Datasheet View Record Information Design Structure 1 This is a better database design structure because it includes the quantity of CDs left in stock and the Title is in ascending order, which is easier for the user to find the CD that they are specifically looking for. Design Structure 2 This is a good database design structure because it has two extra fields. These are the customer ID number and the highest entry of the CD. This is therefore a lot easier for the user to access the database. Design Structure 3 This is the best database design structure for the record information out of the lot because the price is in ascending order so it will satisfy all users, especially the users that only buy CDs at a certain price. Customer Information Structure 1 Design View Datasheet View Structure 2 Design View Datasheet View Structure 3 Design View Datasheet View Customer Information Structure 1 This is not the best database design structure because it doesnt tell you all the information about the potential user. It doesnt include things like the telephone number in case the company needs to get in touch with the user of the system. Structure 2 This database design structure is slightly better because it gives you a bit more information about the potential user. It gives the system users telephone number in case the company needs to get in touch in the case of a problem. Structure 3 This is by far the best design structure as it tells you a lot of details about the potential user. It gives their ID number, name, address, age, gender, telephone number and what way they would like to pay; either by Visa, cheque or case. Influences of Hardware and Software available The software I chose did not help as much as I expected it too much. Microsoft Word is mainly to do with typing text and cant produce a table like the ones in Microsoft Access. However, Microsoft Access and the Internet were very useful to me. Access helped me quite a lot because the program has wizards, which helped me create the structures. It was also easy to do datasheets because the software is very good at guiding you through the processes. I used the Internet to find relevant information, including data structures and layouts of them. The hardware I used helped me very much. I used a printer to print my structures off and a photocopier to scan my questionnaires. These influenced me very much because they were easy to use. The records above are a database for the number of music CDs in stock. I had taken into account the views of potential users of my system and decided to leave the database how it is, keeping the price of the CDs in ascending order (from cheapest to most expensive) as it easy for the user to find a specific search price. Access 2000 System Requirements Here are the system requirements to run Microsoft Access 2000: * PC with a Pentium 75 megahertz (MHz) or higher processor * Microsoft Windows(r) 95 or later operating system, or Microsoft Windows NT(r) Workstation operating system version 4.0 Service Pack 3 or later * For Windows 95 or Windows 98: 16 megabytes (MB) of RAM for the operating system, plus an additional 8 MB of RAM for Access * For Windows NT Workstation: 32 MB of RAM for the operating system, plus an additional 8 MB of RAM for Access * 161 MB of available hard-disk space (Number indicates typical installation; your hard-disk usage will vary depending on configuration. Choices made during custom installation may require more or less hard-disk space.) * CD-ROM drive * VGA or higher-resolution monitor; Super VGA recommended * Microsoft Mouse, Microsoft Intellimouse, or compatible pointing device Additional items or services required to use certain features: * 9600 baud modem; 14,400 or higher-baud modem recommended * Multimedia computer required to access sound and other multimedia effects * Microsoft Outlook 2000 or Microsoft Outlook Express 5.0 or later required to run Office E-mail * 8 MB of additional memory required to run Office E-mail * Some Internet functionality may require Internet access and payment of a separate fee to a service provider Troubleshooting guide for Microsoft Access A database will not compact for any of the following reasons: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ You dont have enough storage space on your disk for both the original and compacted versions of the database. Delete any unneeded files and try again. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ You dont have Modify Design or Administer permission for all tables in the database. If you dont own this database, contact its owner to find out whether you can be given either of these permissions on all tables. If you own this database, you need to update your permissions for all tables. For more information on assigning permissions, click. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ If an object in a version 1.x database includes the backquote character (`) in its name, you wont be able to compact the database. Use Microsoft Access version 1.x to rename the object, and then change any references to it in your queries, forms, reports, macros, and code. Assign or remove permissions for a database and existing database objects 1 Open the database that contains the objects you want to secure. The workgroup information file in use when you log on must contain the user or group accounts you want to assign permissions for at this time; however, you can assign permissions to groups and add users to those groups later. 2 On the Tools menu, point to Security, and then click User and Group Permissions. 3 On the Permissions tab, click Users or Groups, and then click the user or group whose permissions you want to assign in the User/Group Name box. 4 Click the type of object in the Object Type box, and then click the name of the object to assign permissions for in the Object Name box. Tip You can select multiple objects in the Object Name box by dragging through the objects you want to select or by holding down CTRL and clicking the objects you want. 5 Under Permissions select the permissions you want to assign, or clear the permissions you want to remove for the group or user, and then click Apply. Repeat steps 4 and 5 to assign or remove permissions for additional objects for the current user or group. 6 Repeat steps 3 through 5 for any additional users or groups, and then click OK when you have finished. Important If you assign or remove permissions for Visual Basic code (forms, reports, or modules), those permissions will not take effect until the database is closed and reopened. Troubleshoot editing data in a field There are several kinds of fields in forms or datasheets that you cant edit. The following fields display values just as regular fields do, but if you try to enter data into them, nothing happens: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ AutoNumber fields. If a field has an AutoNumber data type, Microsoft Access automatically assigns the next consecutive number or unique random number to this field for each record you add. This type of field is often used as a record ID number or primary key. When you start adding a new record, Microsoft Access automatically fills in the fields value for you and you cant edit it. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Calculated fields. A Calculated field displays values that Microsoft Access calculates. They are usually based on other fields in your tables, but calculated fields are not stored in tables. You cant edit calculated fields. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Locked or disabled fields. If a control on a form has the Locked property set to Yes or the Enabled property set to No, you cant edit the data in the field. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Fields in a locked record. If you use Microsoft Access in a multi-user environment and another user locks a record, you cant edit the data in the record. When you move to a locked record, the locked record indicator is displayed in the record selector. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Fields in snapshots. While most queries return recordsets that you can edit, some queries return snapshots, which cant be edited. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Field in a read-only form or a locked database. If the form youre using has the AllowEdits property set to No or if the underlying data is read-only or locked by another person, you cant edit data in the form. Why did the size of my database increase significantly more than the size of the object I added? The amount of information used to represent an object is often greater than the size of the object itself. One way to work around this is to display an icon representing the object instead of the object itself in the form or report. When you display an icon, the OLE server (the application used to create the object) sends only the information needed to display the icon. When you double-click the icon, the OLE server is launched with the data that the icon represents. My picture becomes distorted when I size it. To keep a pictures proportions when you size it, use the Picture Size Mode property (for background pictures) or the Size Mode property (for bound object frames, unbound object frames, and image controls). If the picture is a bitmap, its best to use the Zoom setting rather than the Stretch setting. You should also consider using a metafile rather than a bitmap since you can size metafiles without causing distortions. For more guidance on any queries, click on help on the menu and click- on either Microsoft Access Help, Contents and index or Microsoft on the Web where you will receive expert on-line guidance. Troubleshooting guide for Microsoft Word I changed the fill, border, shadow, or 3-D effect, but when I create a drawing object, I get the old settings. The default style is being applied to the new drawing object. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ To change the default settings for new drawing objects, select an object that has the attributes you want. On the Drawing toolbar, click Draw, and then click Set AutoShape Defaults. Prevent a table row from breaking across pages 1 Click the table. 2 On the Table menu, click Cell Height and Width, and then click the Row tab. 3 Clear the Allow row to break across pages. Word isnt automatically inserting my text or graphics. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ To turn on AutoCorrect, click AutoCorrect on the Tools menu, and then make sure the Replace text as you type check box is selected. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ When you type an AutoCorrect name, make sure to precede it with a space and follow it with another space or a punctuation mark. How can I get data from another program into Word without starting the source program? By default, when you insert database information or attach it as a mail merge data source, Word uses DDE to read the data file. DDE automatically starts the source program (such as Microsoft Excel) and then opens the data file. If you dont want to start the source program, you can use ODBC or file converters instead of DDE to read the data file directly. To do this, insert the database information, or attach it as a mail merge data source as usual. In the Open Data Source dialog box, select the Select method check box before you click Open. Then, each time you insert database information or attach it as a mail merge data source, Word opens the Confirm Data Source dialog box so that you can click the ODBC driver or file converter you want. Text that I print looks different from text on the screen. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Word might be displaying text as draft fonts. On the Tools menu, click Options, and then click the View tab. Clear the Draft font check box. This option will be available only if you are in normal view. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Word might be printing a draft of your text. On the Tools menu, click Options, and then click the Print tab. Clear the Draft output check box. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The font in your document might not be available on the printer youre using. Change the font in your document to a TrueType font, or change the font to one that is available on your printer. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Animated text effects dont print. If text in your document is animated, it will print with the underlying text formatting 3/4 such as bold or italic 3/4 but the animated effects will not print. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The font in your document might be one that is available on your printer but that doesnt have a matching screen font. Windows substitutes a TrueType font to display the text on the screen. Try changing the font in your document to a TrueType font. When I try to save changes to a document, I get a message saying the document is read-only. You cant make changes to a read-only document. To save changes, you need to save the document with a new name. You can use the same name if you save the document in a new or different folder. My e-mail is very slow or not working correctly. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ To use WordMail as your e-mail editor, you should have at least 12 megabytes of memory available. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Before using WordMail, close any Word dialog boxes that are open. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Programs that work in the background, such as virus-scanning programs, may slow down WordMail and Word in general. Use System Monitor 3/4 an optional Windows 95 accessory program 3/4 to see if you are running programs that slow down your computers performance and to see which program is using the highest percentage of processor time. Graphics dont appear when I print. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Make sure that youre not using the draft output option, which doesnt print graphics. On the Tools menu, click Options, and then click the Print tab. The Draft output check box should be cleared. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Make sure that youre not printing field codes for graphics youve linked from files created in other programs. On the Tools menu, click Options, and then click the Print tab. The Field codes check box should be cleared. Freehand drawing is hard to control. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Try increasing the magnification in the Zoom Control box. Its easier to draw details at 200 percent. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Use the Freeform button instead of the Scribble button. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Try setting your mouse to the slowest tracking speed available in Windows Control Panel. You have greater control when you draw at a slow speed. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ You can adjust the shape of freeform to make them look smoother. For more guidance on any queries, click on help on the menu and click- on either Microsoft Word Help, Contents and index or Microsoft on the Web where you will receive expert on-line advice. Troubleshooting guide for the Internet Finding the information you want You can find information on the Web in a variety of ways. * Click the Search button on the toolbar to gain access to a number of search providers. Type a word or phrase in the Search box. * Type go, find, or ? Followed by a word or phrase in the Address bar. Internet Explorer starts a search using its predetermined search provider. * After you go to a Web page, you can search for specific text on that page by clicking the Edit menu and then clicking Find. Note * If a Web address doesnt work, Internet Explorer asks if you want to search for similar Web addresses. You can change this setting so that Internet Explorer searches automatically without prompting. For more information, see Related Topics below. Protecting your identity over the Internet You can use a personal certificate to protect your identity over the Internet. A certificate is a statement guaranteeing the identity of a person or the security of a Web site. You can control the use of your own identity by having the private key that only you know on your own system. When used with mail programs, security certificates with private keys are also known as digital IDs. Internet Explorer uses two different types of certificates: * A personal certificate is a kind of guarantee that you are who you say you is. This information is used when you send personal information over the Internet to a Web site that requires a certificate verifying your identity. * A Web site certificate states that a specific Web site is secure and genuine. It ensures that no other Web site can assume the identity of the original secure site. Using accessibility features in Internet Explorer In addition to Microsoft Windows accessibility products and services, the following features make Internet Explorer more accessible for people with disabilities. Keyboard access All features in Internet Explorer are accessible to you by using the keyboard or the mouse. With Internet Explorer, you can explore the Web by using the keyboard. Just press TAB and SHIFT+TAB to move forward and backward between screen elements such as: * Links that are text or images * Hotspots on image maps * The Address bar * The menu bar * The Links bar * Frames For more information about keyboard access, see Internet Explorer shortcuts. Highlighting box As you move to or click a link or image, a thin border appears around it so you can see what is selected. Customise the font size, formatting, and colours You can specify the font sizes, styles and colours, and foreground and background colours of Web pages displayed on your computer screen, even if the author of the Web page has already specified these. You can also specify the colour used to indicate links in Web pages, or a special colour for links that is used only when the mouse passes over the link. This is useful if you have low vision, need larger fonts, or need high-contrast colours. You can set Internet Explorer to use the colours and fonts you specify, your default Windows colours and fonts, or the settings you specify in your own style sheet. For more information, see Changing fonts and background colours. Customise the toolbar You can customise the toolbar by adding or removing buttons, using small or large icons, and showing or hiding the text on the labels. Just right-click the toolbar and then click Customise. If you have low vision, you may want to add the Size button for quick access to the relative font size. If you are using a screen reader, you may want to select Small Icons in the Icon Options list and No text labels in the Text Options list to maximise the amount of screen space available for Web content. Advanced options that make Internet Explorer more accessible You can select or clear several options that may make Internet Explorer more accessible. To display these options, click the Tools menu, click Internet Options, and then click the advanced tab. * Use smooth scrolling and Enable page transitions If you use a screen magnification or screen reader program, you may want to clear these check boxes. If you use a voice recognition program, and you experience recognition errors during smooth scrolling and transitions, you may also want to clear these check boxes. * Show pictures If you have low vision, you may want to clear these check boxes to improve performance. If you are sensitive to screen flashing, you may also want to clear these check boxes. * Print background colours and images If you have low vision, you may want to clear this check box to improve print legibility. Advantages and Limitations of Software The software I used was Microsoft Word, Microsoft Access and the Internet. I used Word to criticise my three databases. Microsoft Access and the Internet were the most useful to me. I used Microsoft Access to create my tables using the Wizard for my databases. I used the Internet to find out information about the latest singles to download relevant information about prices of the CDs, the Artists and the structure of databases used in mail order companies. Advantages Microsoft Word * You can type up your data in this software using different formats of text * Copy and paste from other files * Checks any spelling errors * Gives a clear troubleshooting guide for new users Microsoft Access * Wizard for guidance of structuring techniques * Easy to do datasheets * Gives you the option of creating your database in design view or on the datasheet itself * Checks any spelling errors * Automatically stores created documents * East to change and update data Internet * Download relevant information of the web such as page layouts, data structures and modern day music * You can open a new window to see another search result with a click of a button * You can get feedback from companies via the web using the e-mail service. Limitations Microsoft Word * Cant create tables like Microsoft Access Microsoft Access * Cant type data up using different formats of text * Easy for data to be accidentally altered Internet * Downloading files can take time * Many spelling mistakes in downloaded work Verification and Validation Techniques The first stage is the database itself. This is where all the information (records) in the system are stored. It is important that a good understanding of the exact needs of the system is calculated, so that the database can be structured properly. I have used Microsoft Access to create the database for this system, because my system is based towards a small business environment. It is also widely available and widely used and is pretty simple to setup and manage. Microsoft Access is a relational database. This means that its structure is made up of tables, or entities. Each of these tables holds rows and columns of data. Each row is called a record or tuple, and each column is called an attribute. All the records in the table are in some way related to each other. The database required for the system contains two main categories: (1) A category that holds the record information (2) A category that holds a customer information. Both databases need fields that have to be unique, such as customer ID numbers. I set the database to handle this by auto generating the customer id number. This creates a new number all the time, in access the AutoNumber option is used for that field. Also in cases like phone numbers, this is selected so that you have to enter the number in the correct format. These are some of the verification and validation techniques that I used. Example the customer ID field is indexed, and does not allow any duplicates! How the system could have been improved or created in a more better way The system could have been created and have been linked directly to the Internet. So all the access to all the data by all users including customers could have been done on the Internet. This could be setup in a way where a programming language like Java is used to connect the Access database to the Internet. These kinds of internet/web databases follow the client server model. A database engine sits on some central computer somewhere and serves data to multiple clients, which are in the form of an Internet browser. Within this process, we also have a web server. This handles requests from the web browsers and then forwards them to the database. The web server then waits for the database to respond and then pass on that response to the waiting clients. In this way normal users of the database, such as the people that enter and process the orders and record information, would login using an ID and password, and they would be given access to the operations that they require. Whereas customers would log on to the Internet site, enter all the find and order the CDs they need, this would be then checked and verified, and the database would be updated, so that the order can be processed. Diagram of system model: Searches I will now produce a series of simple and complex searches to demonstrate what the system can do, with clear explanations. The complex searches will include two examples each of AND, OR and NOT. Searches with AND 1. If you wish to find out the number of males that live in Walsall, the user would do the following search: m AND walsall As a result of the search the following data will be shown: 1 BASRA SUKHPINDER M 10/05/85 WALSALL 27 Willoherb Close Cash 2 SANOBAR MANSOOR M 27/12/84 WALSALL 24 Lord Street Cash 3 HUSSAIN AKHTAR M 06/03/85 WALSALL 12 Maple Drive Cash 4 GANI BODRUL M 14/01/85 WALSALL 123 Broadway West Cash 5 BHANGAL HARPREET M 04/12/84 WALSALL 2 Poppy Drive Cash 6 AHMED NABEEL M 16/11/84 KASHMIR 15 Tarsemir Close Cash 7 UDDIN AZIR M 24/10/84 WALSALL 5 Milton Street Cash 17 REBROV SERGEI M 12/12/75 WALSALL 24 White Hart Lane Cheque 24 GAREWAL MANDEEP M 17/08/84 WALSALL 56 West Bromwich Road Cash 25 AFZAL IRFAN M 12/09/84 WALSALL 121 Newman Street Cash 2. If you wish to find out the number of females that live in Walsall, the user would do the following search: f AND walsall As a result of the search the following data will be shown: 8 BOULTON KERRY F 29/11/84 WALSALL 17 Bell Lane Cash 9 BEGUM SHAHEENA F 25/02/85 WALSALL 69 Milton Street Cash 10 AZIZ ARZOO F 18/01/85 WALSALL 33 Caldmore Road Cash 11 QAMAR NAFISA F 19/07/85 WALSALL 44 Milton Street Cash 28 NAGVI ASADULLAH F 10/06/85 WALSALL 27 West Bromwich Road Cash Searches with OR 1. If you wish to search for people living on Newman Street and Milton Street, the user of my system will do the following search: newman OR milton As a result of the search the following data will be shown: 7 UDDIN AZIR M 24/10/84 WALSALL 5 Milton Street Cash 9 BEGUM SHAHEENA F 25/02/85 WALSALL 69 Milton Street Cash 11 QAMAR NAFISA F 19/07/85 WALSALL 44 Milton Street Cash 25 AFZAL IRFAN M 12/09/84 WALSALL 121 Newman Street Cash Notice that I never included street, as there are other roads that ended in street in my best data file (data file 3). 2. If the user wishes to find out information on the people born in Tottenham and Rome, they will do the following search: tot OR rom As a result of the search the following data will be shown: 13 GINOLA DAVID M 03/05/68 TOTTENHAM 77 Park Lane Cheque 14 DEL PIERO ALESSANDRO M 10/11/75 ROME 17 Honeysuckle Drive Visa 15 BATISTUTA GABRIEL M 02/04/69 ROME 19 Santi Bernabeau Cheque 18 ARMSTRONG CHRIS M 03/04/71 TOTTENHAM 9 Bow Street Cash 19 CAMPBELL SOL M 04/12/74 TOTTENHAM 67 White Hart Lane Cash 20 ANDERTON DARREN M 26/10/71 TOTTENHAM 34 Trafalgar Square Cheque 22 CARR STEVEN M 27/05/77 TOTTENHAM 7 Oxford Street Visa 23 LES FERDINAND M 03/01/67 TOTTENHAM 137 Broadway West Visa Notice that I have used fewer characters in my search, as their no other fields except the address field that begins with tot or rom. This also saves some of the users time. Searches with NOT 1. If the user wants to find out about females only that were born in the year 1985, they will do the following search: f 85 NOT m As a result of the search the following data will be shown: 9 BEGUM SHAHEENA F 25/02/85 WALSALL 69 Milton Street Cash 10 AZIZ ARZOO F 18/01/85 WALSALL 33 Caldmore Road Cash 11 QAMAR NAFISA F 19/07/85 WALSALL 44 Milton Street Cash 28 NAGVI ASADULLAH F 10/06/85 WALSALL 27 West Bromwich Road Cash The system would first search for females and then look for the number 85. The search would now be complete, as the list above suggests. 2. If the user wants to search for the people who pay by cheque to buy music, they do the following search: cheque NOT visa NOT cash As a result of the search the following data will be shown: 12 MANN HARBAJAN M 11/04/65 GLASGOW 27 Rosehip Close Cheque 13 GINOLA DAVID M 03/05/68 TOTTENHAM 77 Park Lane Cheque 15 BATISTUTA GABRIEL M 02/04/69 ROME 19 Santi Bernabeau Cheque 17 REBROV SERGEI M 12/12/75 WALSALL 24 White Hart Lane Cheque 20 ANDERTON DARREN M 26/10/71 TOTTENHAM 34 Trafalgar Square Cheque 26 MICHAELS SHAWN M 21/07/67 NEW YORK 97 HBK Merchandise Cheque 27 AUSTIN STEVE M 07/06/85 TEXAS 44 Rattlesnake Willows Cheque 29 SINGH PIARA F 01/01/39 SLOUGH 4 Poppy Drive Cheque The system browses for the word cheque and provides the answer to the search, for the user of the system. Results of my searches I have analysed the results of my searches and compared them with the original stated requirements. I found that my searches were successful with AND, OR and NOT, therefore the user can use my system properly. The results show that the user only needs to type in a few characters to get what they want out of the searches. Comments from third party Below are the comments made by my friend about the viability of my new system: Daljits work is very thorough and he has very worked hard to create the new system. He has tested it in different ways to see that it functions correctly and has expanded it from the previous system that he created. To show how the system can be improved he has demonstrated ways of linking it to the world-wide web, just as the leading music companies have done, therefore music can be ordered on-line. His system works accurately as his searches proved and any user that uses the system can use it efficiently and effectively. The following are the changes that I made as a result of the comment above: * I produced annotated hard copy evidence at each stage of my work to show my improvement. * I asked the views of more than one person about the viability of my system and found that the comments were similar to my friend. * I included extra fields in my design.